Hydraulic power control system



Jan. 12, 1954 E. A. ROCKWELL 2 665,554

HYDRAULIC POWER CONTROL SYSTEM Original Filed May 6,. 1944 G'SheetS-Sheet 1 a 15 J6 J7 17 15 j ll 111W! J C 15 J I 55, kg. hull: 7U;

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Jan. 12,1954 E. A. ROCKWELL HYDRAULIC POWER CONTROL SYSTEM Original Filed May 6, 1944 6 "Sheets-Sheet 2 ieserva/r P/L O T MASTER CYL INOEE C0 P/L 0 7' IVA-5' 752 C71. INDE)? 112 PRESSURE CONTROL Jan. 12, 1954 E. A. ROCKWELL HYDRAULIC POWER CONTROL SYSTEM Original Filed May 6, 1944 6 Sheets-Sheet 3 1 m w. W n W x Jan. 12, 1954 E. A. ROCKWELL 2,665,554

HYDRAULIC POWER CONTROL s s'rffsu Original Filed May s, 1944 e Shets-Sheet 4 Jan. 12, 1954 E. A. ROCKWELL 2,665,554

HYDRAULIC POWER CONTROL SYSTEM Original Filed May 6, 1 944 6 Sheets-Sheat 5 frag/@7150? Jan. 12, 1954 E. A. ROCKWELL 2,665

HYDRAULIC POWER CONTROL s smm Original Filed May 6, 1944 e Shets-Sheet e WOEN BEA K55 NE W BRAKE JEA/(E PREJJURE P. 5/.

nrrkox. PRA'JS. nr mv/cH BRAKE/w acct/R5 V040: cue/c INC/15s. PRESSURE VOL UNE CURVES.

UN IN Fl HIE/r P2655. FL 0/0 INPUT 7v M0 rot CYLINDEZ LOW PRESS. FLU/P cur/'07- 7'0 L'A'PA/YDER TUBES CUB/C INCHES.

Patented Jan. 12, 1954 Edward anoekweil, Shaker Heights, hio,.as

signer, b'y mesQnje assignments, to Borg-Warner Corporation, Chicago, 111.,

Illinois a corporation of Original application May 6, 1944, Serial No. 534,503, now Patent No. 2,443,642, dated June 22,1948. Dividedand this application June 19, 1948, Serial No. 34,113

22 Claims. 1

The present invention relates to power systems generally and particularly to systems havingapplication to the operation of airplane and auto motive parts and accessories. While this invention solves certain problems involving airplane brakes, as will appear, it is to be understood that in the broader aspects thereof, the same has general application.

This application is a division of my applica= tion-Ser. No. 534,503, upon Electrical Hydraulic Power Unit, filed May 6, 1944, Patent No. 2,443,642, granted June 22, 1948.

A large number of current brake designs employ an expander tube type of brake motor and these tubes are frequently used in groups of as many as four on each wheel. It is found that these expander tubes may require as much as 40-45 cubic inches of pressure fluid displacement for merely taking up the slack and bringing the brakes into cont-act with the brake drum, especially when the brakes have become worn. However, during this initial displacement, that may be referred to asthe engaging stage, the pressure necessary to expand the tubes and the brake blocks against the drums will not ordinarily exceed more than about pounds per square inch. On the other hand, to set the brakes the desired maximum amount, which action may he referred to as the squeeze stage, there may be required as much as 280-300pounds per square inch, and during this time the expander tubes may be additionally expanded about 42-45 cubic inches, consuming a corresponding amount of additional pressure fluid. In typical systems currently in use high pressure fluid is emplo ed in the first stage operation in a manner that unnecessarily Wastes a large amount of high pressure fluid in merely bringing the expander tubes and brake blocks into engaging position where the brakes are just beginning to be applied.

These current systems consume a relatively large volume of high-pressure fluid for the application stage as Well as the squeeze stage and hence require a relatively heavy large capacity electric motor and pump combination, a large pressure accumulator, a reserve tank, a pressure switch arrangement to control the electric motor, and suitable modulator valves. Such systems necessarily involvea large amount of heavy tubing and connections, it being impracticable to locate the power plant in close proximity to the work to be performed, due to weight and space requirements thereof.

It is a principalobject of my invention to pro vide an improved power unit and control therefor effective to greatly reduce the volume of high pressure fluid required to be consumed in the operation thereof and hence reduce the weight and "space requirements of the system. Another object of my invention is the provision of a sen contained unitary power assembly or packaged power unit that is powerful, efiicient its con sumption of pressure fluid, and hence of rela tively light weight, which unit may be readily placed any desired location in proximity to the work to be performed and which requires oril y a light weight remote control connection to the operator for remotely controlling the same, a the elements being so arranged within the hit that all thrust is taken within the unit and no thrust is transmitted externally thereof to the supporton which the same is mounted.

Another specific object is to provide for the quick and effective transfer-of a large volume of relatively low pressure hydraulic fluid the short distance involved, while only consuming a small volume of relatively high pressure fluid for ac, complishing both the setting or engaging stage and the subsequently required actual :brake applying or squeeze stage. Another detailed object is the provision in one modification of my invention, of a power unit of the above type providing power release of the brake for fast action as distinguished from the usual arrange--- ment wherein a stifi spring is relied upon to effect return movement resulting in a corne sponding inefiiciency of brake application. Y

A further object is the provision in a ",pa'clcaged unit of the above type of a modulator valve assembly in combination with a power applying motor piston assembly having differential pressure areas, said valve assembly being .efiectivie to. control theapplication of pressure fluid thereto and the release of pressure fluid therefrom in a manner such as to conserve the high pressure fluid, resulting in a large saving in the total power requirements with an accompanying reduction in the weight of the complete unit, whereby it is made practicable to locate the unit adjacent the work to be performed or on the device to be operated and to eifectively and efficiently control the unit from a remote position. Still .a further object is to control the apl licationof pressure fluid to the power applying motor piston assembly and the release of pressure fluid therefrom by a valve motor actuated by pressures derived from the -pressures applied and in one form of my invention by the pressures .in the low pressure cylinder.

It is stillanother object to provide in a unitary assembly of the above character, an improved hydraulic control arrangement for transmitting manual pressures from the remotely located operator or pilot and co-pilot control devices to the modulating valves.

Still another object is the provision in the present combination of an electric motor and reciprocating pump unit of a diaphragm seal arrangement effective to eliminate loss of fluid from the device in all positions thereof accompanying maneuvering of the associate airplane, as well as the movement of the elements to which the power unit may be attached.

Further objects, advantages and uses of my invention will become apparent from a reading of the following specification taken in connection with the accompanying drawings which form a part thereof and wherein:

Fig. 1 is a schematic layout view of a. simplified typical system incorporating certain of the broad features of my invention;

Fig. 2 is a schematic layout view of a modified system incorporating certain of the features of my invention;

Fig. 3 is an enlarged elevational view in section on the line 3-3 of Fig. 4 showing in more detail the power unit proper of the modification of Fig. 2;

Fig. 4 is a plan view of the unit shown in F 3;

Fig. 5 is a broken away sectional view taken substantially on the line 5--5 of Fig. 3;

Fig. 6 is a broken away axial section view of a third modified form of my invention;

, Fig. 7 shows a set of curves based on data taken from the operation of a unit conforming with Fig. 6; and

Fig. 8 shows a pair of curves bringing out a comparison between the data obtained by the operation of the unit of Fig. 6 with and without the staging feature of the present invention.

To facilitate an understanding and comparison of the structures of the several modifications, similar designating numbers and letters will be employed insofar as practicable, differing only in the first number for the purpose of differentiating modifications. For example, the power applying motor of the first modification is designated D, that of the second modification 2D and that of the third modification 3D. The piston of motor D in the modification of Fig. 1 is designated 32a while that of the second modification is designated l32a, and that of the third modification 232a.

Referring now to Fig. 1 of the drawings, there is illustrated in simplified, schematic form, one typical system incorporating a preferred embodiment of certain of the broad features of the present invention. This system is composed essentially of a hydraulic pressure fluid generating and storing assembly indicated generally at A, pressure fluid forward modulating valve B acting, for instance, as a sender of hydraulic pressure liquid, transfer and off-modulating valve C, hydraulic pressure fluid power applying motor assembly D for receiving said pressure liquid and acting, for example, as a receiver having a differential piston, acting as a converter, and work performing assembly indicated generally at E.

The present invention, in its more specific aspects, is directed particularly to the construction, the arrangement and to the mode of coaction of the forward or inlet-modulating valve, transfer and return or exhaust-modulating valve, and power applying motor assembly, in the several modifications illustrated by way of example and their equivalents, whereby to provide stage operation. In the broader aspects of my invention, it will be understood that other equivalent arrangements may be provided coming within the scope hereof. In other words, there is provided, by way of example in Fig. 1, one arrangement for effecting a first or engaging stage of movement of motor D at a relatively low pressure and low rate of consumption of pressure fluid and a sec 0nd or "squeeze stage at a higher intensified pressure and relatively higher rate of pressure fluid consumption. The first stage is effective to take up slack and perform any desired portion of the work up to a selected level of pressure application whereupon the second stage is cut in automatically in a novel manner which effects a smooth imperceptible transition for accomplishing the final portion of the work. Since the extent of travel during second stage operation is usually relatively small the additional consumption of high pressure fluid during this stage operation is relatively small.

Hydraulic pressure fluid generating and maintaining assembly A, may include a pressure generator I0 delivering pressure from a sump tank H through a conventional unloading valve l2 to a pressure accumulator 13. Pressure generator 40 may be driven continuously as when connected to the power output shaft of an internal combustion engine (not shown) or driven by an electric motor (not shown) continuously or interruptedly. Loading and unloading valve l2 may take the form of any of the well known readily available constructions as shown, for instance, in the patent to Rockwell, No. 2,536,141, granted January 2, 1951, effective to maintain hydraulic pressure fluid in accumulator 13 between selected maximum and minimum levels of pressure. Pressure accumulator 13 may take any well known form, including for example, a pair of hemispherical sections 1311 and 131), the interior of which is divided by a diaphragm I30 into a hydraulic pressure chamber and an air chamber.

Forward-modulating valve B may take any well known form, but is preferably of the type disclosed in Rockwell Patent No. 2,276,418, or in my copending application upon Balanced Control Valve, Ser. No. 476,246, filed February 17, 1943, Patent No. 2,505,578 granted April 25, 1950, and includes essentially a housing I5 enclosing balanced high-pressure inlet valve I6, cooperating with seat iGa and having a relief or return valve portion lSb, valve 16 being normally urged into engagement with seat 16a by a compression spring 160. A reciprocable tubular sleeve I1 is formed at one terminal with a valve seat for valve 16b, and with radial low pressure return ports l'lb intermediate the terminals thereof. A compression spring Ila normally urges reciprocable tubular valve element IT in the direction out of engagement with the valve [6b and a manually engageable pedal I8 is operable through levers 18a and link 1812 to move the tubular valve element 11 into engagement with the valve 16b against the action of the spring Ha to effect opening of forward-modulating valve proper I6 and the modulated introduction of high pressure fluid from the accumulator past the valve seat [6a to motor assembly D and transfer and return modulating valve assembly C. Relaxation of the pressure on manual pedal l8 results in the spring Ila moving the valve sleeve ll out of contact with the conical valve 15b, permitting the inlet valve IE to close against the seat 15a and allowing the fluid to be discharged from the motor assembly D through the-interior of tubular valve element I! and radial port i'lb thereof back to the sump H;

Transfer and return-modulating valve assembly C is, in some respects, similar in construction to' forward-modulating valve B, certain parts being reversed as will appear, and may, for

example, be of a type disclosed in my Patent No; 2,244,317, .upon Hydraulic Power System, granted June 3, 1941. Housing 25 contains a reciprocable transfer valve 26 engageable with a seat 260. at the end of the fluted terminal of a tubular return-modulating valve stem 21, but normally held open by a compression spring 21a. Tubular valve stem 21 is formed on the eriphery thereof with a return-modulating valve 21b, engageable with a complementary seat carried by the housing and is normally urged into engaged position by a compression spring 270. It is important to note that since the transfer valve 26 is normally urged into open position by compression spring 21a pressure fluid is directed therethrough to surface Y during the first stage operation as will appear. For the purpose of moving valve 26 into engagement with seat 26a against the action of the spring 21a and effecting the opening of return-modulating valve 211), there is provided a fluid pressure responsive motor 28 including a piston 28a and a connecting link 28b passing through a partition in the housing 25 and drivingly engaging valve 26, the motor 28 being supplied with operating fluid pressure through a special control line as will appear.

Hydraulic pressure fluid power applying motor assembly D comprises essentially a housing 30 formed with a cylinder 3| receiving a reciprocable piston and plunger assembly 32 including piston 32a receiving modulated pressure from forwardmodulating valve B in contact with the upper major working surface X thereof and the same pressure directed through transfer and returnmodulating valve C to a small opposed differential working surface Y during initial pressure fluid application, with transfer and returnmodulating valve in open position as shown, during the first stage of operation that may be referred to as the engaging stage. This relatively smaller differential area Y is defined in part by plunger 32b which passes through an orifice 30a in the housing 30. Compression spring 320 is effective to return piston assembly 32 to the off position thereof upon the release of pressure fluid from contact with piston 32a. The necessary sealing rings are employed as indicated to prevent leakage of the fluid past the piston and plunger.

It will appear that by virtue of the diiferential in area between opposed surfaces X and Y, the delivery of the same pressure to both surfaces will be effective to move the power applying piston assembly 32 and thereby deliver a first relatively low level of pressure for the first or engaging stage.

Particular attention is drawn to the fact that as piston 32a is moved outwardly, pressure fluid in contact with the smaller differential area Y is transferred back through transfer and returnmodulating valve 0 and thence into contact with opposed larger differential area X of piston 32a. This is made possible by the fact that valve 26 is held open by spring 21a during the first stage operation. Thus it will be seen that a major economy in the consumption of high pressure fluid is accomplished during the first stage of operation by transferring the pressure fluid in contact with relatively smaller differential area pressure fluid and a considerable saving of high pressure fluid is thus realized. The value of the diiferentlal between the areas X and Y may be varied to suit the particular installation.

For the purpose of amplifying the pressure output of motor piston assembly 32, the pressure fluid in contact with the relatively small differential area Y is shut off from communication with the forward-modulating valve pressure and placed in communication with the sump tank II by the automatic operation of transfer and return-modulating valve C, upon the occurrence of a selected delivery pressure to major working surface X. To this end a pressure control line 33 places the modulated delivery pressure fluid, which is in contact with differential area X of piston 32a, also in communication with pressure fluid responsive motor 28a of transfer and return-modulating valve 0. Therefore, when the pressure fluid modulated to surface X of piston 32a rises to a selected value as determined by the adjustment of spring 21a of transfer and return-modulating valve C, then valve motor piston 28a becomes effective to shift valve 26 into contact with seat 26a shutting off communication of fluid pressure from forward-modulator valve B, and stopping delivery thereof to differential surface Y. Still further movement of transfer valve 26 becoming efiective to open return-modulating valve 21b, conveying pressure fluid away from contact with smaller differential surface Y and returning the same to the sump tank ll, thus rendering the complete area of surface X effective in response to pressure delivered from forward-modulating valve B, providing an intensified application of pressure to piston assembly 32 for a final or squeeze stage of operation.

For the purpose of illustrating the general application of the present multi-stage operation comprising my invention, thework performing assembly E is shown as comprising an anvil 40 receiving a distortable work piece 4-! engageable by a die member 42 carried 'by the lower terminal of power plunger 32b. The first stage of operation may bring the die 42 into contact with the work piece 4|, distort the same into substantially flat engagement with the anvil 40 and, if desired, perform a certain portion of the complete distorting or shaping operation, this being followed, upon the delivery of a predetermined modulated pressure into contact with major work surface X, by the operation of transfer and return-modulating valve C effecting a further amplified pressure of die 42 against the work piece 4|, to accomplish the final desired distortion or shaping thereof.

From the above, it will appear that in one of the broader aspects of the present invention, the same comprises essentially the delivery of pressure fluid to a pair of opposed dilferential'surfaces of a motor, said differential being effective to produce a first level of power, the pressure fluid in contact with the lesser surface being transferred to the greater surface during the first or engaging stage of operation to thus conserve the total amount of pressure fluid consumed, this spasms;

a first .-'stage operation zbeing followedibyslrmtting' off of communication inf !the "pressure :source with the :smaller :surface and :return modulating of the pressure from the smaller surface to the low pressure return .to thus .render the major surface more le'ifec'tive and 'provide an amplified power application or squeeze :state:

This broader aspect of :the present invention should notlbe limited to the specific arrangement of valves or other means :provided :for effecting the :above described delivery Lof pressure fluid to and removal from the differential surfaces, as other modifications may suggest themselves in the light oi the present disclosure. The broad importance is the circulating or delivering back of the operating pressure fluid from the leading surface Y to the trailing surface X during the first stage thus eifecting a major economy followed by delivery from the leading surface 'Y to a low pressure zone during the second stage. For example, if the operating liquid were manually generated by a master cylinder, instead of modulated from an accumulator, then this economy or advantage might take the form of re duced pedal travel.

Particular importanceis directed to the smooth imperceptible transition from the engaging stage of power application to the squeeze stage of power application. This improvement is directly attributable 'to the return modulating of pressure fluid 'from the smaller surface Y. This is to be clearly *difi'erentiated from "the producing of a transition *by introducing pressure fluid success'ively into contact withadditional surface areas acting in the same direction. This latter arrangement invariably produces bumpy or clearly detectable rough operation upon transition "between stages.

Turning now to an alternative modification, there'isshow'n in Figs. '2through-5 apower unit arrangement suitable for incorporation on an aircraft where the reduction of overall weight and maintenance of high efliciency is a major problem. By employing my novel high-pressure fluid conserving arrangement, it has "been made possible to so reduce the overallweig'ht of a complete power unit and large volume low;pressure generator that the complete unit may be'mounted on the landing strut 'of an airplane and function to :quickly deliver low pressure, large volume pressure fiuidfor'the operation of ithe expander tube'brake on the associated'ilandingwheel.

In this modification, hydraulic 'fiuid pressure generating and maintaining assembly 2A comprises a reciprocating plunger generator pump .lil'O delivering to an accumulator i 13 in which a range of pressures ismaintained'betweenselected maximum andminimum values bymeans .oia pressure responsive switch assembly 112, effective to cut the driving electric ,motor onand .oif depending ,upon the level of pressure. A .piston jl l'3c divides accumulator 5113 into .an upper .hydrau'lic pressure fluid chamber .and a lower air pressure chamber, the accumulator beinginthe form of a cylinder providing for thershiiting-of piston H30 -Witll changes in :pressure-on the opposite sides thereof.

Pressure .fiuid generator assembly H comprises essentially a reciprocable plunger H 9o:- op- .erable in cylinder Hill) receiving low pressure fluid through swiveled pickup tube i Hie-and discharging pressure fluid through check valve Mild into the upper portion of accumulator H6. The pump housing Hoe enclosably supportsan .electric motor H01 driving-ancccentric twat-operating areciprocating connecting rod 'l-iilh,.clrivi-ngly associated with the pumpplunger 1 Ma through a diaphragm 'i-illi. This diaphragm is seala'hly associated with the housing about :the periphery thereof and performs the important function .of preventing :the fluid from leading therepast ir-. respective of 'the angular position of the equipment due either tomovemen-t of the supporting strut or the manipulation of the plane.

fliorward-mo dulating valve ZB and transfer and return-modulating valve 20 are formed as-a unit and :are incorporated in the upper portion of housing 131%! of power applying :motor assembly fiDadjacentzcylinder I32 .(Figs. ;3 and .5), The construction of modulating valves 23 and Kids essentially the some as that of modulating valves B and -:C except as will be pointed out. Tubular valve element ill, instead of being operated directly,'is arranged to be operated remotely-by ithe pilot. 'Ilubular valve element H7 is provided with a:fiuid pressure responsive motive piston 1 Pic to which is delivered hydraulic pressure from a pilot actuated master cylinder Him operated by the pilot through treadle $1.3 and effective to transmit control pressure through conduit H81). Duplicate .treadle controls are shown for the pilot and co-pilot, double check valve i 180 being effective to prevent operation by one master cylinder when-the other has already been operated. Piston $2812 of transfer and returmmodula'ting valve operating motor 128, 'ins'teadof being made responsive to the pressure delivered to-the power applying motor 2D, asin the modification of Fig. l, is made responsive to the control pressure clelivered from the pilot s control treadle H8. This motive piston 523a is placed in communication with the motive piston lilo through passage 12!! in return-modulating valve housing 1'25. Pressure fluid is delivered from the accumulator to forward-modulating valve l i6 and also by means of a passage 129a, is delivered to transfer and return-modulating valve Valve 4280f transfer andreturn-modulating valve assembly-2C being in open position in Fig. 2, full accumulator pressure is delivered to the smaller differential area 2Y of pressure fluid power applying motor ZDand'this functions to produce-pressure return of the motor 219 to off position thus making-possible the'elimina'tion of'a returnspring. This is distinguishable from the arrangement of :the modification shown in Fig. 1, wherein the ,motor is returned to oil position by means of coil compression SPIlIlgBZG.

Hydraulic pressure'power applying motor arrangement 2D is similar to that of motor!) in the modification of Fig. l exceptas'will be pointed out. Piston and plunger assembly [32 comprises a separable piston 32m 'threadably secured to the upper "terminal of tubular plunger IBZb. Depending from housing 130, is a fixed travel coordinating monitor plunger 1313b, sealably and telescopingly receiving motor plunger i322) and piston I321; for reciprocation thereon. Motor plunger 4.521) passes through an orifice 130a in orifice closure plug 1.300. Thisclosure plug is externally threaded for reception within the lower terminal of cylinder 13!. The lower terminal of motor plunger 1322) is closed by a threaded plug 132d. The interior of monitor plunger I302) is placed in communication with the pilot mastercylinder M811 through conduits HBband Had. -Thepressure-exerted'by the pilot through treadle H9 and master cylinder 1 18a is transmitted through monitor'plunger 13Gb tozthe closed terminal of :motor plunger I 321) acting on surface Z of closure plug I32d. Therefore, the

effort exerted by the pilot on treadle I I8 is-transmitted in the form of work tosurface Z and the pilot thus performs a definite though small proportion of the work in moving the motive piston and plunger and this gives the pilot the desired reaction simulating actual manual brake application. In addition, as power applying piston I32a moves with reference to the monitor plunger I32b, the effect thereof evidences itself to the pilot by a corresponding travel of treadle II 8. Thus the pilot experiences a pedal feel and travel which is the same as if he were actually applying the brake with his foot.

The work applying or power consuming assembly 2E, in this modification, is a low-pressure relatively large volume pressure fluid generating cylinder I IIJ, having the function of supplying pressure fluid through a short conduit link Illa to the expander tubes I-il of an airplane wheel brake, the drum of which is indicated schematically at I44.

of pressure fluid at a relatively low pressure, it being important that the fluid be delivered thereto quickly as well as relieved therefrom quickly. In currently employed arrangements wherein It will be noted that this type of airplane brake requires a relatively large volume 10 No. 2,405,142, granted August 6, 1946. For the purpose of understanding the present invention,

switch assembly I I2 includes pressure responsive- .diaphragm II2a, pressure transmitting plunger I, time .efiecting positive and uni-altering operathe low pressure fluid generator must necessarily be located at a considerable distance away from the expander tube, it is very difficult, if not impracticable to obtain this rapid delivery and release of relatively low-pressure, large volume of fluid. Due to the excessive overall weight of currently employed systems, the same are not capable of being mounted in close proximity to the wheel brake. On the other hand, by virtue of the economy and efficiency realized by my systerm, it is made practicable to mount the entire" unit as a package or unitary assembly on the strut adjacent the wheel brake. The housing I is provided with a plurality of attaching bosses I3IIZ adapted to be connected with the landing strut I3Ile through the medium of em: bracing straps I30) or their equivalent, t

The low-pressure large volume cylinder I 40 receives piston I42 therein for reciprocation by:

power applying motor 2D. Piston I42is driving-:

ly connected with the terminal-of plunger I32b through a lost motion and makeu valve assembly I43. Piston I42 is formed with a central bore I42a through which extends a fluted portion-I32e't tion of the control switch for electric motor IIlIf.

For an understanding of the operation of the arrangement of Figs. 2 to 5 reference is now made particularly to the schematic layout of Fig. 2. Operation of treadle H8 by the pilot causes master cylinder I I8a to transmit a corresponding pressure to piston II'Ic of forward-modulating valve 23 to piston I28a of transfer and returnmodulating valve 20 and to monitor plunger assembly I30b for acting on work sharing reaction surface Z. In the position of the elements shown,

high pressure fluid from accumulator II3 stands in communication with the smaller one of the differential areas 2Y of motor 2D, the same having moved the motor to the complete oif position. No pressure fluid is acting on the major or larger differential area 2X of the motor 2D.

- As soon as the pilot has transmitted a sufficient of plug I32d. A valve 3a is carried by plunger I32?) for cooperation with seat I43b. Stop shoulder I 309 defines the off position of piston I 42.

The central portion of housing I30 between motor 2D and low pressure generating piston I42 provides a sump or low pressure reservoir I3llh in communication at all times with the makeup valve I43. Star spring I430 is so arranged that it absorbs any light shock between closure connecting plug I32d andpiston I42,.upon relative movement in the opening direction. ,It will ap-i pear that makeup valve I43 will be opened by relative movement between piston I 42 and powerplunger I321) at any time and at any position of piston I42 when the driving force from power applying piston I32a is rel-axed, the makeup of fluid thus not being limited to the complete off position of piston I42 in contact with stop shoulder I3Ilg.

The specific arrangement of pressure responsive switch assembly II 2 does not form part of the claimed subject matter of the present invention, the same being covered by Holt application 505,104 filed October 6, 1943, nowPatent level of control pressure to piston II'Ic, then the same becomes effective to modulate pressure through forward-modulating valve 20' to the upper major differential area 2X of motor 2D. This is accomplished by the shifting of tubular valve element I I1 into contact with return valve portion II6b of forward-modulating valve I I6 to thus shut ofl' communication with the low pressure return and subsequently open forward-, modulating valve proper II B to an extent determined by the pressure applied'by the pilot to treadle II8. This modulated pressure transmitted past valve seat II 6a is delivered to the upper or major differential area 2X of the motor 2D. When the level of the pressure delivered to surface 2X has been raised to a suflicient value to overcome the full accumulator pressure acting on the opposed smaller area 2Y, then the motor plunger I 32b starts moving outwardly. Atten-, tion is again directed to the fact that as lead-' ing surface ZY displaces the high pressure fluid in contact therewith, this pressure fluid instead of being spilled into the low pressure return as in the case of currently available systems, is

instead transferred back through open transfer valve I26, communicating passage I29a, for-ward modulating valve housing II5 about valve IIS and to the opposed major differential area 2X making up a considerable portion of the pres; sure fluid required to be delivered to area 2X.

In other words, the transfer of pressure fluid fromleading surface 2Y to trailing surface 2X reduces by a sizable amount the total volume of high pressure fluid from the accumulator consumed during the initial or first stage operation of motor 2D.

Movement of power plunger I 32b first becomes effective to take up the slack in makeup valve I43 closing the same and driving the piston I42 Oif the low-pressure large volume generator 2E; thus delivering a first level of operating pressure through relatively short conduit 14m 'toli the expander tubes I4I effecting slack takeup ii and brake engagement, this being referred to as the brake engaging stage."

With the slack taken up and the shoes in engagement with the drum M4, the treadlc H8 offers additional opposition to movement by the pilot's foot and the application of further pressure by the pilot becomes efiectiveon plunger [28a of transfer and return-modulating valve 20 to move transfer valve 26 against the action of compression spring l2la; efiecting the closing of transfer valve 426 and the shutting o i of communication between the accumulator and leading surface 2Y of motor 21). Further movement of piston 128a becomes effective to shift tubular valve element l2? and gradually open return-modulating valve 127b, in proportion to the pressure exerted by the pilot on treadlei l8. The opening of return-modulating valve 211) is effective to releasingly modulate the fluid pressure from communication with leading surface 23! and spill or discharge the same into the low pressure return reservoir 13071.. By the exertion of sufiicient additional pressure on treadle N3, the pilot can effect complete opening of returnmodulating valve lZlb, completely relieving leading surface ZY from the action of pressure, thus rendering the entire surface 22; efiective in response to the maximum pressure delivered thereto through on-rnodulating valve HS, and eilecting the maximum application or fluid power to motor 2D and the consequent generation of maximum pressure by piston [42 delivering to the expander tubes 141 of the brake.

It will further appear that the pilot will maintain a feel or reaction indicating to him the extent to which the brakes are being applied. In, other words, the pilot will feel the reaction both valve operating plungers lo and 128a. In addition, the pilot does an amount of work which bears av definite ratio to the total work involved since the pressure from the master cylinder HM isv delivered through the monitor plunger I301) to surface Z, the, travelling of this surface Z also giving the pilot the desired pedal travel.

While I have described only one unit by way of example, it will be understood that a similar unit. is contemplated for installation on each of, the two principal forward landing wheel struts.

Turning now to still another modified system incorporating my invention, reference is had to Figs. 6 to 8. -P.eferring first particularly to- Fig. 6 showing schematically the essential portions of the layout, incorporating this modification, particular emphasis will be placed in the description on the features of difference. Instead of rendering the return-modulating valve responsive to a selected level of accumulator pressure delivered to the primary motor surface as in the modification of Fig. 1, it will be noted that Pressure responsive piston 22$:l, of motor 22$- forming part of transfer and returnmodulating valve 30, is rendered operable in response to the generation of a selected level of low pressure fluid in cylinder 249. of pressure generator Coil compression spring 2320 functions to return mo tor piston 222a to off position as in the modification shown in Fig. 1, instead of returning the same by pressure as in the modification of Fig. 2.

Any suitable pressure generating and maintaining arrangement may be employed, such for example, as that shown in the modification of Fig. 2 or preferably an arrangement of the type disclosed in Rockwell Patent 2,197,772.

sired forward-modulating valve: arrangement Any (18- 1 may be employed such, for example, as that disclosed in connection with the modification of Figs. 1 and 2 or preferably that disclosed in Rockwell Patent 2,244,966, which is efiective to give the optimum mode of modulated pressure delivery irrespective of the pressure level at which operation is desired, as well as being effective to give other desirable characteristics.

Referring in greater detail to Fig. 6, there is illustrated a motor 3D and low pressure large volume generator 3E, in a form particularly adapted for production including the transfer and return-modulating valve 3C, the pressure fluid power applying motor 3D, the low pressure large volume generator'SE, and the low pressure return sump and makeup reservoir 23th, allin one unitary assembly, particularly adapted for installation on an airplane in a similar manner to that disclosed in connection with the modi fication of Figs. 2 to 5.

Transfer and return-modulating valve assembly 3C is similar to the corresponding valve assembly in the previously described modifications, except as will be pointed out. Valve housing proper 225 is preferably formed as an integral part of motor housing 230 and is positioned in opposed relation to the lower terminal of motor cylinder 23L The inlet pressure from the pilot treadle master cylinder operated forwardmodulating valve (not shown) is directed through conduits 226b, tubular valve member 221, and passage 2260 into the lower portion of motor cylinder 23! into contact with the smaller one of the difierential piston areas 3Y, when the pilot operates the treadle. Spill passage 226d, shown partly in dotted lines in Fig. 6, directs returnmodulated pressure from contact with surface BY first through passage 2260 and then through return-modulating valve proper 2211) in response to development or generation of a selected value of pressure within the low pressure generator cylinder 240. Generation within cylinder 240 of this selected value of low pressure acts through a control line 233 and return-modulating valve motive piston 228a'to effect the closing of transfer valve proper 226 on the left-hand end of the tubular value member 221 and the opening of return-modulating valve proper 22127 which is normally seated by spring 2210 to releasingly modulate the pressure fluid from contact with relatively small surface 3Y, permitting the fluid release through the flutings near the left-hand end of the tubular valve member 221, and thus render more effective the relatively large surface 3X. Spill passage 226d discharges into the sump or makeup reservoir 23% fromwhich the low pressure fluid is subsequently picked up by conduits 210a and directed back to the fluid pressure generator inlet ('not shown).

The power applying motor assembly 3D is generally similar to that of the modification of Figs. 2 through 4, except as will be pointed out. Motive piston assembly 232 includes a separable piston 232a and a plunger 2322) having the inner end thereof closed, this piston portion being fastened in installed position by a snap ring and the necessary sealing rings employed to provide a seal, as indicated.

An air bleed valve assembly 232; is formed in the terminal of plunger 2321) for the purpose of effectively ejecting any air that may have accumulated in the unit. This valve assembly includes. a pressure equalizing valve proper 232g for controlling communication between the two: faces of piston 232a, this valve being normally 13 urged inthe direction of closed positionby compression spring 232h. Spider member 232 is mounted in the upper portion of cylinder 23I and is effective when piston 232a is moved into the retracted position thereof to open valve 232g against its operating spring 232b Compression spring 2320 functions to return the motor assembly to off or retracted position upon the release of pressure from acting on motive piston 232a.

Low pressure, large volume generating piston 242 is generally similar to that of the modification of Figs. 2 through 5, except as will be pointed out. Instead of a fluted closure plug in the lower terminal of plunger 232b, this modification includes the return spring 2320 passing up through the lower portion of plunger 232b engaging the closed terminal portion thereof, this spring being spaced from the plunger by perforated sleeve 243d allowing the free passage through radial ports 232s of the necessary makeup fluid pressure required in cylinder 240. Conical shaped valve 243a is formed on the outer periphery of plunger 232!) above radial ports 232a and cooperates with a seat 243b and piston 242 to control the flow of fluid through radial passages 2326.

It will thus appear that this modification differs principally from so-called debooster valve cylinders in current use by the incorporation of my high pressure fluid conserving feature where in transfer and return modulating valve 3C is employed in connection with differential pressure areas 3X and 3Y to automatically provide two-stage operation.

Referring now to Figs. 7 and 8, several curves have been plotted based on actual and calculated data which curves bring out quite clearly the improved efficiency and important saving of high pressure fluid by employing my invention.

Referring first to Fig. 7, brake pressures have been plotted against volume of pressure fluid consumed in expanding the brake tubes of a commercial brake expander tube assembly, this data having been taken both when the brakes were new and after the same had been considerably worn. It is readily apparent thatwith this type of brake the volume of fluid required rises rapidly as the brake assembly becomes worn.

Turning now to Fig. 8, test data was first recorded for the same construction operating in the manner in current practice, with the conserving features out of operation, namely, leaving out the operation of transfer and return-modulating valve 30 with no delivery of pressure to surface 3Y. The upper dotted line curve shows the result of this operation, high pressure fluid input to the work applying motor cylinder in contact with surface 3X being plotted against low pressure fluid output from cylinder 240 to the expander tubes of the brake.

Next, data was calculated for an operation of structure conforming with the disclosure of Fig. 6, fluid pressure being delivered to motive piston surfaces 3X and 3Y through transfer valve 226 during the first stage of operation followed by the automatic operation of oif-modulating valve 221!) in response to the developmentof a selected value of pressure in the cylinder 240 effective to off modulate pressure fluid from surface 3Y to the low pressure reservoir 23%. The data obtained is incorporated into the solid line curve below the above described dotted line curve in Fig. 8. The cross-hatched area between these two curves indicates quite clearly a major saving in the total volume of high pressure fluid consumed by employing my invention.

While I have described my invention in connection with certain specific embodiments there of, it is to be understood that this is by way of example only and that my invention is to be defined by the appended claims.

I claim:

1. A motor unit including a shiftable partition having a plurality of pressure responsive areas, at least two of said areas being in opposed relation to each other providing a resultant effective pressure area to move the partition, connecting means providing a supply of fluid pressure to said areas differing from atmospheric pressure, a manually operable control valve means, including alternately closed inlet and exhaust valves, said means being reactive coordinately to the extent of the operation thereof 1 by fluid pressure delivered, effective in one position thereof to deliver pressure to a first effective area for applying a first stage of power, said control valve means being variably operable to apply an effective operating pressure to a second effective pressure area, comprising the larger ne of said two areas, for producing a second intensified stage of pressure higher than the effective pressure of said first stage, to effect a smooth transition between stages.

2, A motor unit including a shiftable pressurefiuid responsive motive means having oppositely effective differential pressure responsive areas, connecting means providing a supply of fluid pressure to said areas differing from atmospheric pressure, a manually operable control valve means, including alternately closed inlet and exhaust valves, said means being reactive" coordinately to the extent of the operation thereof by the fluid pressure delivered, effective to deliver pressure fluid concurrently to'both of said areas for applying a first stage of power, said control valve means being constructed to shut off communication of said fluid pressure from said source to the lesser one of said differential areas while releasing fluid therefrom and applying fluid pressure to the greater one of the areas and so as to return said pressure fluid from contact with said lesser one of said areas for producing a secondstage of intensified pressure.

3. A motor unit including shiftable pressure fluid responsive motive means having opposed differential pressure responsive areas, connecting means providing a supply of fluid pressure to said areas differing from atmospheric pressure, a manually operable control valve means; including alternately closed inlet and exhaust valves, said means being reactive coordinately to the extent of the operation thereof by the fluid pressure delivered, effective to deliversaid pressure fluid concurrently to both of said differential,

area for applying a first stage" of power, said' control valve means being constructed to transfer pressure fluid from the, lesser one of said differential areas to the larger one of said differential areas during first stage operation, reducing the volume of pressure fluid consumed during said first stage operation, said control valve mean being constructed to shut off com:

munication between said fluid pressure supply and the lesser one of said differential areas while releasing fluid therefrom and applyingfiuid pressureto the greater one of the areas and effecting the return of said pressure fluidfrom contact with saidlesser one ofsaid areas" accuses for producing a second stage or pressure greater than the pressure of said first stage.

4. A. motor unit including. a pressure-fluid power applying piston assembly including means having differential pressure responsive areas on opposed portions thereof, connecting means pro viding a supply of hydraulic pressure fluid to said areas, a manually operable control means, including alternately closed inlet and exhaust valves, said means being reactive coordinately to the extent of the operation thereof by the fluid pressure delivered, effective to simultaneously deliver pressure fluid to both of said areas for applying a first stage of power, said means including valve control means constructed to trans for pressure fluid from the leading area of said piston to the trailing area thereof reducing the volume of pressure fluid consumed during said first stage operation, said valve control means being constructed to shut oif communication between said fluid pressure supply and said leading area and to shut off delivery of said pressure fluid from contact with said leading area while releasing fluid therefrom and applying fluid pressure to the trailing area for producing a second stage of pressure higher than that of said first stage.

5. A motor unit and control therefor including a hydraulic pressure-fluid power applying piston having a plurality of differential pressure responsive areas in opposed relation, connecting means providing a supply of hydraulic fluid pressure to said areas, a manually operable control valve means, including alternately closed inlet and exhaust valves, said means being reactive coordinately to the extent of the operation thereof by the fluid pressure delivered, effective to deliver pressure fluid to said respective areas and to relieve the same therefrom, said vaive means comprising a first forward-controlling valve effective to control pressure to and fromthe large one of said areas and a second transfer and return-controlling valve effective to deliver pressure fluid to the smaller one of said differential areas, said first forward-controlling valve normally being in a position shutting off the delivery cf pressure fluid to said large area and plac ing said area in communication with a low pressure return, said transfer and return-controlling. valve being normally in position admitting pressure fluid to said smaller differential area for re tractive movement of said power piston and shutting off communication between said smaller differential area and said low pressure return,

means for applying an operating pressure to said i valves said means being effective to operate first said forward-controlling valve to introduce pressure fluid to said larger one of said differential areas for applying a first stageof power, a predetermined additional force on said pressure applying means being efiective to shut off communi cation between said pressure supply and said. smaller differential area and control said fluid pressure release from contact with said smaller area to said low pressure return and thus produce a second stage of pressure higher than the power of said first stage.

6. A motor unit including reciprocable pressurefluid responsive motive means having opposed differential pressure responsive areas, an enclosing housing including a cylinder for reception of said motive means, a manually operable control valve means including alternately closed inlet and exhaust valves, said means being reactive coordinately to the extent of the operation thereof by the fluid pressure delivered, constructed to deliver pressure fluid: concurrently to both of said differential areas and to control the release of said pressure from the lesser one of said differential areas, and pressure responsive means connected to said delivery of pressure to automatically operate-said valve means.

7. In a power system comprising a hydraulic sender including a manually operable element, a hydraulic receiver receiving hydraulic liquid therefrom for work performance, a housing having a hydraulic pressure fluid: inlet, a hydraulic pressure fluid outlet, a low pressure returncon nection to a reservoir, a power applying piston to which said hydraulic sender is reactive: according to the power applied, said piston having two opposed differential power applying pressure responsive areas, a high to low pressure trans forming master piston, means drivingly connecting said pistons, said transforming piston being in hydraulic communication with said outlet con. nection, and a control valve assembly for controlling the application of. the hydraulic pressure to the said pressure responsive differential areas, said control valve assembly in one position thereof having a valved passageway admitting pressure to both pressure responsive areasisimultaneously and in another position thereof. cutting off the said valved passageway andv releasing to the return reservoir the pressure acting. on one of the pressure responsive areas while maintaining the pressure acting. on the other pressure responsive area to provide multiple stage operation.

8. In a power system comprising a hydraulic sender including a manually operable element, a hydraulic receiver receiving hydraulic liquid therefrom for Work performance, a unitary housing assembly having an inlet for modulated hydraulic pressure, apower applying piston reciprocable within said housing to which said hy-. draulic sender is reactive according to the power applied, said piston having two opposed differential pressure responsive areas including a flat major area trailing in the direction of outward movement of said piston and a second lesser area leading in the direction of outward movement of said piston, said pressure fluid inlet being in communication with said major area, a second pressure inlet in communication with said lesser area, a transfer and return-control valve assembly including a first delivery and transfer valve portion normally effective to admit pressure therethrough to said lesser surface and transfer the same back into contact with said major surface upon the operation of said piston assembly, said transfer and return-control valve further including a return control valve portion effective when operated to control the pressure in contact with said lesser surface, said transfer and return-control valve being mounted on said housing and being provided with pressure responsive motive means for operating the same, a high to low pressure transforming master piston assembly, means drivingly connecting said pistons, an outlet from said housing adapted to place said high to low pressure transforming piston in fluid communication for work performance, a pressure control line placing the pressure generated by said high to low pressure transforming master piston in communication with said pressure responsive valve operating motive. means so that said transfer and return-control valve assembly is operated in re-- sponse to development of a selected level of pressure by said high to low pressure generating piston for conveying pressure fluid from contact with l7 said lesser surface and rendering said larger major surface more completely effective.

9. In a hydraulic power system comprising a hydraulic sender including a manually operable element, a hydraulic receiver receiving hydraulic liquid therefrom for work performance, a unitary housing assembly having an inlet for modulated hydraulic pressure, a power applying piston reciprocable in said housing to which said hydraulic sender is reactive according to the power applied, said piston including a first major surface area trailing in the direction of outward movement of said piston and a second lesser differential area leading in the direction of outward movement of said piston, a transfer and returncontrol valve assembly carried by said housing adjacent the inner terminal of said first named cylinder and operable in the normal off position thereof to admit operating pressure to said lesser area and transfer the same back into contact with said major area upon the outward operation of said piston assembly, a high to low relatively large cross section pressure generating piston received in a second cylinder, means connecting said two pistons in driving relation, outlet conduit means from said second named cylinder adapted to deliver a relatively large volume of low pressure fluid for work performance, said transfer and return-control valve assembly further including pressure responsive motive means for operating the same, a control pressure conduit placing said second named cylinder in communication with said valve operating motive means so that the occurrence of a selected pressure within said second named cylinder becomes effective to operate said transfer and returncontrol valve to modulate the pressure from contact with said lesser surface to render said major surface increasingly effective.

10. In a power system including a hydraulic sender including a manually operable element, a hydraulic receiver receiving hydraulic liquid therefrom for work performance, a unitary elongated generally cylindrical housing, said housing being formed with a first relatively small crosssection power applying cylinder and a second coaxially spaced relatively large cross-section, high to low pressure transforming cylinder, a power applying piston assembly received within said first cylinder for reciprocation therein to which said hydraulic sender is reactive according to the power applied, said power piston assembly including a first major surface area trailing in the direction of outward piston movement, a second lesser surface area leading in the direction of piston outward movement, a first inlet to said first cylinder adapted to place controlled pressure in contact with said major surface area, a second inlet to said first cylinder spaced axially from said first inlet and effective to place controlled pressure in contact with said lesser area, a transfer and return-control valve assembly for controlling the flow of pressure fluid through said second inlet, said transfer and return-control valve including a housing portion formed as part of said elongated cylindrical housing, a first normally open valve portion effective to deliver controlled pressure therethrough to said second inlet and transfer the same back into contact with said major surface area upon the outward movement of said piston assembly, a relatively large cross-section high to low transforming piston assembly received within said second cylinder effective to generate a relatively large volume low pressure fluid adapted to be directed for work performance, means connecting said two piston assemblies in driving relation, said transfer and return-control valve assembly further including a return-control valve portion effective when operated to convey pressure from contact with said lesser area of said first named piston assembly to a zone of lower pressure, pressure responsive motive means for operating said transfer and return-control valve and control conduit means placing said second named cylinder in communication with said valve operating motive means whereby the generation of predetermined level of pressure within said second named cylinder becomes effective to cause the operation of said return-control valve to thus render said ma or operating surface additionally effective.

11. In a power system including a hydraulic sender including a manually operable element, a hydraulic receiver receiving hydraulic liquid therefrom for work performance, a housing having hydraulic control pressure inlet connecting means, a power applying piston within said housing to which said hydraulic sender is reactive according to the power applied adapted to be moved by hydraulic pressure fluid, said piston having two opposed differential power applying pressure responsive areas, a pressure transforming master piston of larger area than said power piston, and means drivingly connecting said power piston and said pressure transforming DlS-J ton, said transforming piston being in hydraulic communication with said outlet connection and adapted to deliver transformed fluid pressure for work performance, means including a valve assembly eliective to cause application of hydraulic pressure fluid to said areas, said valve assembly in one position thereof, delivering pressure nuid concurrently to both of said pressure responsive areas simultaneously and in another position thereof cutting off communication of pressure to the smaller one of said dinerential areas, discharging said pressure from said last named area and applying iiuid pressure to the larger area to thus provide multiple stage operation.

12. l'ncoliiblnatlon, a system for the application of hydraulic pressure for work perlorlliance, a hydraulic sender including a manually operable element, a hydraulic receiver receiving hydraulic liquid therefrom for work performance, a powerappiying high to low pressure converter to which said hydraulic sender is reactive according to the power applied by the converter having hydraulic connections leading to the sender and receiver respectively, a connection on the system adapted to be connected to a source of fluid pressure having a connection leading to the converter, the said converter having mechanism operable by pressure from said source to cause two successive pressure-applying stages of volume displacement between the sender and receiver upon operation of said sender, the first stage involving providing to the receiver a relatively small volume of fluid proportional to the movement of the mechanism by the volume of fluid being supplied by the sender and a relatively large volume of fluid proportional to the movement of the mechanism by the volume of fluid being supplied by the sender to act within the receiver, the second stage involving a relatively large proportional volume of fluid delivered to the receiver, and means for controlling the application of power from the said source for effecting a return displacement of the converter and receiver by the return operation of the sender.

18. A power applying unit comprising a difapnea 'ferential piston means including arms-1'1 'pistcn, an inlet for receiving fluid pressure to operate the small piston, a large piston connected-to the small piston so as to provide a decreased fluid pressure by the movement of thelarge piston, cylinders for said pistons, an outlet from the large cylinder to discharge fluid by said large piston for work performance, a hydraulic motor having valve means actuated by the motor to effect a movement of the differential piston, other than the initial movement thereof by the pressure liquid, for controlling liquid received from the inlet whereby an additional movement of the pistons is obtainable, and another outlet witha passageway connected to the large cylinder for controlling the motor.

14. A power applying unit comprising a differential piston means including a small-piston provided with differential piston areas, an inlet for receiving fluid pressure to operate the small piston, a large piston connected to the small piston so as to provide a decreased fluid pressure by the movement of the large piston, cylinders for said pistons, an outlet from the large cylinder to discharge fluid by said large piston for work performance, a hydraulic motor having valve means actuated by the motor to effect'a movement of the differential piston, other than the initial movement thereof by the pressure liquid, for controlling liquid received from the inlet whereby an additional movement of the pistons is obtainable, said motor comprising a plunger and valve, and another outlet with a passageway connected to the large cylinder for controlling said plunger and valve.

15. A power applying unit comprising a differential piston means including a small piston provided with diiferential piston areas, an inlet for receiving fluid pressure to operate the small piston, a large piston connected to the small piston so as to provide a decreased fluid pressure by the movement of the large piston, cylinders for said pistons, an outlet from the large cylinder to discharge fluid by said large piston for work performance, a hydraulic motor having valve means actuated by the motor to effect a movement of the differential piston, other than the initial movement thereof by the pressure liquid, for controlling liquid received from the inlet whereby an additional movement of the pistons is obtainable, said motor comprising a plunger and a valve, and another outlet with a passageway connected to the large cylinder for controlling said plunger and valve, said small piston having differential opposed areas having hydraulic connection with said inlet and a'transfer valve controlled by said passageway.

16. A power applying unit comprising a differential piston means including a small piston provided with differential piston areas, an inlet for receiving fluid pressure to operate the small piston, a large piston connected to the small-piston so as to provide a decreased fluid pressure by the movement of the large piston, cylinders for said pistons, an outlet from the large cylinder to discharge fluid by said large piston for work performance, a hydraulic motor having valve means actuated by the motor to effect a movement of the differential piston, other than the initial movement thereof by the pressure liquid, for controlling liquid received from the inlet whereby an additional movement of'the pistons is obtainable, said motor comprising aplunger and another outlet with valve, and a passageway connected to the large cylinder 'for controlling 20 said plunger and valve, saidsmallpiston having difierential opposed-aieas haying hydraulic cennection with said inlt a'n'd arran er valve controlled by said passagewaya'na'ecrmectearb said motor.

17. A power applying unit comprising'aihoiising means, a differential piston means'iiic'maiiig a small piston, an inlet on the housing means or receiving fluid'pressure to operate the small piston, a large piston connected to the small piston so as to provide a decreased fluid pressure by'the movement of the large piston, cylinders ar sen pistons included in the housing 'means, an outlet connected to the large cylinder 'to discharge fluid by said large piston for work performance, a hydraulic motor comprising an additional piston having a cylinder also included in 'thesaid housing means, said motor having a valve means to effect an additional movement other than the initial movement of the differential piston means, and a passageway leading from the interior'ot, the large cylinder and terminating within the cylinder of the additional piston of the motor device, whereby the 'motor device is operated'from the pressure produced in the large cylinder.

18. A power applying unit comprising a housing means, a differential piston'means including a small piston, an inlet on the housingni'eans for receiving fluid pressure to operate the'small piston, a large piston connected to the small piston so as to provide a decreased fluid pressure bythe movement of the large piston, cylinders forsaid pistons included in the housing means, an outlet connected to the large cylinder to discharge fluid by said large piston for work performance, a hydraulic motor comprising an additional piston having a cylinder also included in the said housing means, said motor having a valve means to effect an additionalinove'ment other than the initial movement of the differential piston means, a passageway leading from the interior of the large cylinder and terminating within the cylinder of the additional piston of the motor device,

whereby 'the motor device is operated from the pressure produced in the large cylinder, and said valve means being in fluid communication with the small cylinder adapted to be operated by the i'notor'device to cooperate with the differential piston means in the movement thereof to produce said additional movement.

19. In a system for'the application of hydraulic pressure for work performance, a manual force applying means, a connection 'on the system adapted to be connected to 'a source of fluid pressure differing from the atmosphere, a power applying unit including a small piston and a large piston, the said small-piston having associated therewith 'avalve element for controlling the power applying unit and an operative connection to the force --applying means, aho'using having cylinders for said pistons having a fluid passage from the large cylinder therein'for the application of power controlled by said valve element, said small piston also having cperatively connected thereto a movable wall for the application of fiuidpressure from the power source to produce a hydraulic pressure range by a, coinbined action of the manual force and power, means other thanfsaid valve element having a spring of predetermined value'to effect a change to another higher pressure range enabling said last mentioned means to react to "the 'manual force applying means and an outlet onfsaid housing means communicating 'with the large pis- 5am and conveying liquid fromsaid housing for the application of said pressures for work performance.

20. In a system for the application of hydraulic pressure for work performance, a manual force applying means, a connection on the system adapted to be connected to a source of fluid pressure differing from the atmosphere, a power applying unit including a small piston and a large piston, the said small piston having associated therewith a valve element for controlling the power applying unit and an operative connection to the force applying means, a housing having cylinders for said pistons having a fluid passage from the large cylinder therein for the application of power controlled 'by said valve element, said small piston also having operatively connected thereto a movable wall for the application of fluid pressure from the power source to produce a hydraulic pressure range by a combined action of the manual force and power, means other than said valve element having a spring of predetermined value to effect a change to another higher pressure range enabling said last mentioned means to react to the manual force applying means and an outlet on said housing means communicating with the large piston and conveying liquid from said housing for the application of said pressures for work performance, the power means being efiective to retract the pistons in the power applying unit.

21. In a system for the application of hydraulic pressure for work performance, a manual force applying means including a pedal and a master cylinder, a connection on the system adapted to be connected to a source of fluid pressure differing from the atmosphere, a, power applying unit including a small piston and a large piston, the said small piston having associated therewith a valve element for controlling the power applying unit and an operative connection to the force applying means, a, housing having cylinders for said pistons having a fluid passage from the large cylinder therein for the application of power controlled by said valve element, said small piston also having operatively connected thereto a, movable wall for the application of fluid pressure from the power source to produce a hydraulic pressure range by a combined action of the manual force and power, means other than said valve element having a spring of predetermined value to effect a change to another cylinder of the additional plunger of the motor 7 higher pressure range enabling said last mentioned means to react to the manual force applying means and an outlet on said housing means communicating with the large piston and conveying liquid from said housing for the application of said pressures for work performance.

22. A power applying unit comprising a housing means, a differential piston means including a first piston, an inlet on the housing means for receiving fluid pressure to operate the first piston, a second piston connected to the first piston so as to provide a different fluid pressure by the movement of the said pistons, cylinders for said pistons included in the housing means, an outlet connected to the second piston cylinder to discharge fluid by said second piston for work performance, a fluid pressure motor comprising an additional plunger having a cylinder also included in the said housing means to effect an additional movement other than the initial movement of the differential piston means, and a passageway terminating Within the device, by means of which operated from the ing the unit.

the motor device is pressure produced in operat- EDWARD A. ROCKWELL.

Number Name Date 523,419 Thorpe July 24, 1894 752,491 Warren Feb. 16, 1904 1,846,089 Davis Feb. 23, 1932 2,009,515 Pardee July 30, 1935 2,029,096 Doyle Jan. 28, 1936 2,071,605 Anthony Feb. 23, 1937 2,142,628 Ballert Jan. 3, 1939 2,163,627 Peterson et al June 27, 1939 2,239,566 Mercier Apr. 22, 1941 2,276,418 Rockwell Mar. 17, 1942 2,290,479 Mercier July 21, 1942 2,322,063 schnell June 15, 1943 2,345,165 White Mar. 28, 1944 2,352,344 Rockwell June 27, 1944 2,356,366 Wise Aug. 22, 1944 2,385,942 Rockwell Oct. 2, 1945 2,397,213 Smith Mar. 26, 1946 4,529 Reichelt et a1 July 23, 1946 2,443,642 Rockwell June 22, 1948 

